LINUX COMMANDS:-

[root@localhost~] #ls: List of contents

#ls-l: List of contents with attributes

#ls-l! More: Page wise

#mkdir: Make directory

#cd “dirname”: change directory

#cd...: Move back to the previous directory

#cal: Calender of month

#cal2004: Calender for the year 2004

#be: Calculator

#date: For the current date

#init 0: shut down

#init 6: restart

# Reboot: restart

# Exit: logout

# Clear: clearscreen

# Halt: shut down

# Pwd: present working directory

# Touch (filename): make an empty file

# Cat (filename): show the contents of file

# VI (filename): to edit the file

# Cp: to copy the contents from one DIR to another

# Rm: to delete files and directories

# Gzip: used to compress files

# gzip-d: used to decompress

# Rm [file name]: to delete a file

# Rm –RF [file/dir.name]: to delete a file or directory with data in it.

THERE ARE SOME IMPORATANT COMMANDS TO OPERATE LINUX NOW

HOW TO USE COMMANDS IN THERE STEP WISE. STEP_1

[root@localhst~]# Root

# Balakinc________password to login in the root.

#tty______________to check the terminal that is used.

#whoami _________to check the user account in which login.

#mkdir {name} _____to make directory.

#cd {name} ________to open directory.

#clear / [ctrl+l] _____to clear screen.

#pwd_____________to check the current directory {print working directory}.

#cd..._____________to close only one directory in which working #cd_______________to close all directories & go to root.

#LS________________to checks the list of directories.

#ls-l________________to check attributes wise.

#ls-l! more___________to check page wise.

#LL________________to check directories long list wise. #dir________________also to check the directories but no any diff between files n directories. in colors

#rm –rf [name]_______to delete something.

#Directories are of blue color.

#Files are of white color.

STEP_2

#cd [name] ___________to enter in the directory.

#touch [name]_________to make a file.

#echo “text something” > [filename]___ to write in file with deleting

__the previous text.

# echo “text something” >>[filename]__ to write without delete the

___ previous text . or add

#cat [filename] _________ to check the contents of the file.

STEP_3

#cat > [filename]______ to enter in a file n add a paragraph with

_____ the previous content .

#cat >> [filename]_____ to enter in a file to add paragraph without de _____ delete the old data.

#ctrl+d _______________to save & exit from the file.

# ctrl+c_______________withoput save& exit from the file.

Remember:___[ >] ____ old data will be deleting.

:__[ >>] ____Old data will not delete.

STEP_4

How TO Work In The Editors:_______________________Its Important.

Three Editors:___[vi] Editor.

:___[vim] Editor.

:___[nano] Editor.

# vi [filename] ________to enter in an editor.

#editor have two modes[insert mode] & [escape mode] can not write

In an editor in escape mode therefore we have to go to insert mode.

# press[ insert button] / [i] _____ to go to insert mode.

# press[ escape] ______________to return to escape mode

_____________Because we can only save & exit on escape mode.

# :wq_________ to save & exit.

# :q ___________without save & exit from editor.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

COMMANDS FOR USERS AND GROUPS :-___________________________

# useradd name :______ to add a user

# passwd name :_______ password for new user .

______________________password is the must for the any user or group b coz without

Password no any one is login the linux.

Password is must________________________________________________

# groupadd : __________to create a new group

# gpasswd name :______ password for new group

USER DELETE_______________________________________________

# userdel pop __________ to delete user.

SHUT DOWN /RESTART/_______________ RETURN TO GUI MODE__________________

# init 0 :___________to shutdown the pc.

# halt :___________to shutdown pc.

# shutdown –h now _to shutdown.

# init 6 :___________restart pc.

# reboot :__________restart pc.

# init 5 :___________return to GUI mode. sometimes pc does not return to the gui mode

Use this command to return to the gui mode.

HOW TO GIVE IP IN LINUX____________________________________________

# setup __________to enter In the setup for give ip.

1__select [network configuration ] option.

2__ok.

Then a window appers.___

if the [*] is on the dhcp then it automatically dicover ip from dhcp server.

MANUALLY IP__to manually give ip to pc remove [*] from the dhcp using SPACE

Then enter the IP + SUBNET and then OK>QUIT>QUIT.

Then to change the ip u must run the

# service network restart _____ to restart the network services after this command the

______ip will be change.

Must run this coammnd after change the ip

To check the ip address__________________________________________

# ifconfig____________to check ip .

# ip addr ______________to check ip.

Network service____________________________________________________________

every time we start the pc it checks for the network & check for the ip change or change in the other network services changes. it takes lots of time

to permanently on / off the network services.___________

# chkconfig network on .________ to permanently on the service.

# chkconfig network off _________to permanently off the service.

KERNAL version___________________________________________________________

# uname –r _______ t o check the kernal version .

OS_______________________________________________________________________

# uname ______________ to check the o/s version.

HDD_______________________________________________________________________

# fdisk –l _________to check all detail of the hard disk.

# df –th___________to check which partition is In use.

DELETE_____________________________________________________

#rm [file name] ______used to delete only files.

#rm dir [directory name] __to delete empty directory.

#rm –rf [director name] ___ to dekete directories having data.

CALANDER___________________________________________________________

#cal ___________ to see calander.

# cal 8 2008 _____ to see month wise.

# cal 2008 _______year wise.

CALCULATOR___________________________________________________________

# bc ________ to enter ini a calculator.

# exit________to exit the bc.

COPY DATA______________________________________________________________

SUPPOSE WE HAVE TWO FILES IN A ROOT [AA] / [BB]

To copy the data of a file into other

# cat aa > bb __ to copy from aa to bb with deleting of previous data in bb.

# cat aa >> bb ___ to copy without deleting data of bb or add in bb.

FROM DIRECTORY_______________________________________________

two dir.. [aaa]/ [bbb]

# cp /root/aaa/* /root/bbb ____ to copy only files from aaa to bbb.

# cp –var /root/aaa/* /root/bbb ___ t o copy all the data.

# cp –var /root/aaa/a* /root/bbb___ to copy files starting from [a].

MOVE / CUT PASTE________________________________________________

# mv –var /root/aaa/* /root/bbb _ to cut / paste or move all data from aaa to bbb.

PASSWORD CHANGE _______________________________________________________

# passwd____ to change root password.

New --------------

Retype-----------------.

Successfully done.

# passwd pop _________ to change user password.

New--------------------

Retype-----------------------

Successfully done.

SWAP POSITION_______________________________________________________

# swapon –s _______ to check swap detail.

MOUNT POINT REFRESH______________________________________________

# mount –a __________ to refresh mounting point.

CHANGE BOOT LOGIN NAME_& MASSAGE OF THE DAY motd._______________

# vi /etc/issue_________boot login name change __ open it and edit the file.

# vi /etc/motd _______change massage of the day __ open and edit the file .

CHANGE LANGUAGE OF SYSTEM_______________________________________

# system-config-language __ to change language.

MAKE A HIDDEN FILE __________________________________________________

#touch .[filename] _____ use a [.] dot before the file name to make a hidden file.

Dot

HOW TO OPEN A FILE LIKE THIS __NAME ______________________________________

USHER CONFESSION

# cd U{ then press [tab]} to open the file as

# cd USHER-\ CONFESSION ______________ and the file is open .

COMMANDS OF LINUX IMPORTANT

# vim -r {anyfilename} ___ to recover file if any changes made to file run this command in the directory of the file.

# system-config-display ____to set the display of the monitor to change resolution.

# vi /etc/services __________ to check all the port numbers and all services of Linux.

#w ____________________ to show the all information of the user on which u login

Friday, August 30, 2013

LINUX COMMANDS

LINUX COMMANDS:-

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