Wireless LAN,Stations and Access Points, Channels, WEPInfrastructure and Ad Hoc Modes, Frames by gorvam saddar

2.  Wireless LAN Overview

In this section, we give a brief overview of wireless LAN (WLAN) while emphasizing the features that help an attacker.  We assume that the reader is familiar with the TCP/IP suite (see, e.g., [Mateti 2003]).

IEEE 802.11 refers to a family of specifications (www.ieee802.org/11/) developed by the IEEE for over-the-air interface between a wireless client and an AP or between two wireless clients.  To be called 802.11 devices, they must conform to the Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer specifications. The IEEE 802.11 standard covers the Physical (Layer 1) and Data Link (Layer 2) layers of the OSI Model.  In this article, we are mainly concerned with the MAC layer and not the variations of the physical layer known as 802.11a/b/g.

2.1           Stations and Access Points

A wireless network interface card (adapter) is a device, called a station, providing the network physical layer over a radio link to another station.  An access point (AP) is a station that provides frame distribution service to stations associated with it.  The AP itself is typically connected by wire to a LAN.

The station and AP each contain a network interface that has a Media Access Control (MAC) address, just as wired network cards do. This address is a world-wide-unique 48-bit number, assigned to it at the time of manufacture. The 48-bit address is often represented as a string of six octets separated by colons (e.g., 00:02:2D:17:B9:E8) or hyphens (e.g., 00-02-2D-17-B9-E8). While the MAC address as assigned by the manufacturer is printed on the device, the address can be changed in software.

All Hacking Techniques and methods in Wireless Networks by Gorvam saddar

This article is scheduled to appear in “The Handbook of Information Security”,

1.    Introduction

2.    Wireless LAN Overview

2.1        Stations and Access Points

2.2        Channels

2.3        WEP

2.4        Infrastructure and Ad Hoc Modes

2.5        Frames

2.6        Authentication

2.7        Association

3.    Wireless Network Sniffing

3.1        Passive Scanning

3.2        Detection of SSID

3.3        Collecting the MAC Addresses

3.4        Collecting the Frames for Cracking WEP

3.5        Detection of the Sniffers

4.    Wireless Spoofing

4.1        MAC Address Spoofing

4.2        IP spoofing

4.3        Frame Spoofing

5.    Wireless Network Probing

5.1        Detection of SSID

5.2        Detection of APs and stations

5.3        Detection of Probing

6.    AP Weaknesses

6.1        Configuration

6.2        Defeating MAC Filtering

6.3        Rogue AP

6.4        Trojan AP

6.5        Equipment Flaws

7.    Denial of Service

7.1        Jamming the Air Waves

7.2        Flooding with Associations

7.3        Forged Dissociation

7.4        Forged Deauthentication

7.5        Power Saving

8.    Man-in-the-Middle Attacks

8.1        Wireless MITM

8.2        ARP Poisoning

8.3        Session Hijacking

9.    War Driving

9.1        War chalking

9.2        Typical Equipment

10.       Wireless Security Best Practices

10.1      Location of the APs

10.2      Proper Configuration

10.3      Secure Protocols

10.4      Wireless IDS

10.5      Wireless Auditing

10.6      Newer Standards and Protocols

10.7      Software Tools

11.       Conclusion

GLOSSARY

Cross References

References

Further Reading

pet caring, monitor your pets, pets color

The domestic pets such as a dog, cat or any other animal can provide many therapeutic and health benefits to us. Pets can ease loneliness, helps in reducing stress, promote social interaction, encourage exercise and playfulness, and provide unconditional love and affection. Caring for a pet may even help you live longer.  Taking care of the pet is an important aspect to be noticed to maintain the proper and healthy relationship with the pets. Millions of beloved pets are lost each year and don’t find their way to home, because they didn't have their embroidered dog collar. Dog collars and leashes are designed to be used for several different purposes. The dog collar is what is placed around the neck of a dog. This may be for identification or for controlling the dog. A dog leash is a rope or similar type material that attaches to the collar that is on the dog. This allows the dog owner to help control a dog or restrain a dog from running away or attacking someone. Owners can have a personalized dog collars for their dogs. The owners can decide the color and the design to be used to decorate the dog collars for their pet. This personalized dog collars helps the owner to keep their pet under control and also helps to identify their pets. Personalized dog collars are simply for those who wants to put a unique collar on their dog. This collars could include the name of the pet or some other name sewn on it or  have some other embellishments added on it. There are many embroidered dog collar businesses who offer the facility to personalizeddog collars. However, personalizing the dog collars can be little bit expensive but it will surely be a unique gift for your pet. There are many different design or styles available for the embroidered dog collar to choose from. It is also possible to completely redesign a new collar for your lovely pet.

Proper understanding of the dog collar is very important and extremely helpful for the dog owners. Choosing a right dog collar for your dog is very necessary. Various factors like the size of the dog, how your dog behaves and many more must be noticed while choosing the correct dog collar. Correct dog collar will be comfortable for your pet and it will be easy for the pet to adjust with it. So it’s best to choose proper Embroidered Dog Collar for your dog.

*Web Browser Compilation | Choose Your Browser Wisely* by Gorvam Saddar

Google Chrome is both designed and maintained by Google. The History of Google Chrome- Google Chrome was publicly released for Windows XP and later versions on September 2nd, 2008, this was the official beta version. Version 1.0 was released on December 11th, 2008 which was the first stable release. Google Chrome released beta versions of Chrome for OS X and Linux in December 2009. Version 2.0 was released on May 24th, 2009. This release contained mouse wheel support, full-screen mode, full-page zoom, basic Greasemonkey support. Version 3.0 was released on October 12th, 2009. This release gave users the ability to install themes to alter the appearance of the browser. Version 4.0 was released on January 25th, 2010 along with the extension gallery containing over 1,500 extensions. As of February 4th, 2011, the extension gallery featured over 11,500 extensions. Version 5.0 was announced on May 25th, 2010 and was the first stable release to support all three OS's.         more web browsers help is here ......

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ALL_KEYBORAD_SHORTCUTS_and Commands by GORVAM_SADDAR

More than 100 Keyboard Shortcuts must read
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Keyboard Shorcuts (Microsoft Windows)
1. CTRL+C (Copy)
2. CTRL+X (Cut)
...... 3. CTRL+V (Paste)
4. CTRL+Z (Undo)
5. DELETE (Delete)
6. SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item
permanently without placing the item in the
Recycle Bin)
7. CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the
selected item)
8. CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a
shortcut to the selected item)
9. F2 key (Rename the selected item)
10. CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion
point to the beginning of the next word)
11. CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion
point to the beginning of the previous word)
12. CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion
point to the beginning of the next paragraph)
13. CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point
to the beginning of the previous paragraph)
14. CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys
(Highlight a block of text)
SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more
than one item in a window or on the desktop,
or select text in a document)
15. CTRL+A (Select all)
16. F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)
17. ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the
selected item)
18. ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the
active program)
19. ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the
selected object)
20. ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu
for the active window)
21. CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in
programs that enable you to have multiple
documents opensimultaneou sly)
22. ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)
23. ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order
that they had been opened)
24. F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements
in a window or on the desktop)
25. F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My
Computer or Windows Explorer)
26. SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for
the selected item)
27. ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu
for the active window)
28. CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)
29. ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name
(Display the corresponding menu) Underlined
letter in a command name on an open menu
(Perform the corresponding command)
30. F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the
active program)
31. RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the
right, or open a submenu)
32. LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the
left, or close a submenu)
33. F5 key (Update the active window)
34. BACKSPACE (View the folder onelevel up in
My Computer or Windows Explorer)
35. ESC (Cancel the current task)
36. SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROMinto the
CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from
automatically playing)
Dialog Box - Keyboard Shortcuts
1. CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)
2. CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through
the tabs)
3. TAB (Move forward through the options)
4. SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the
options)
5. ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the
corresponding command or select the
corresponding option)
6. ENTER (Perform the command for the active
option or button)
7. SPACEBAR (Select or clear the check box if
the active option is a check box)
8. Arrow keys (Select a button if the active
option is a group of option buttons)
9. F1 key (Display Help)
10. F4 key (Display the items in the active list)
11. BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a
folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog
box)
Microsoft Natural Keyboard Shortcuts
1. Windows Logo (Display or hide the Start
menu)
2. Windows Logo+BREAK (Display the System
Properties dialog box)
3. Windows Logo+D (Display the desktop)
4. Windows Logo+M (Minimize all of the
windows)
5. Windows Logo+SHIFT+M (Restorethe
minimized windows)
6. Windows Logo+E (Open My Computer)
7. Windows Logo+F (Search for a file or a
folder)
8. CTRL+Windows Logo+F (Search for
computers)
9. Windows Logo+F1 (Display Windows Help)
10. Windows Logo+ L (Lock the keyboard)
11. Windows Logo+R (Open the Run dialog box)
12. Windows Logo+U (Open Utility Manager)
13. Accessibility Keyboard Shortcuts
14. Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch
FilterKeys either on or off)
15. Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch
High Contrast either on or off)
16. Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the
MouseKeys either on or off)
17. SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys
either on or off)
18. NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the
ToggleKeys either on or off)
19. Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)
20. Windows Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts
21. END (Display the bottom of the active
window)
22. HOME (Display the top of the active
window)
23. NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of
the subfolders that are under the selected
folder)
24. NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the
contents of the selected folder)
25. NUM LOCK+Minus sign (-) (Collapse the
selected folder)
26. LEFT ARROW (Collapse the current selection
if it is expanded, or select the parent folder)
27. RIGHT ARROW (Display the current selection
if it is collapsed, or select the first subfolder)
Shortcut Keys for Character Map
After you double-click a character on the grid
of characters, you can move through the grid
by using the keyboard shortcuts:
1. RIGHT ARROW (Move to the rightor to the
beginning of the next line)
2. LEFT ARROW (Move to the left orto the end
of the previous line)
3. UP ARROW (Move up one row)
4. DOWN ARROW (Move down one row)
5. PAGE UP (Move up one screen at a time)
6. PAGE DOWN (Move down one screen at a
time)
7. HOME (Move to the beginning of the line)
8. END (Move to the end of the line)
9. CTRL+HOME (Move to the first character)
10. CTRL+END (Move to the last character)
11. SPACEBAR (Switch between Enlarged and
Normal mode when a character is selected)
Microsoft Management Console (MMC)
Main Window Keyboard Shortcuts
1. CTRL+O (Open a saved console)
2. CTRL+N (Open a new console)
3. CTRL+S (Save the open console)
4. CTRL+M (Add or remove a console item)
5. CTRL+W (Open a new window)
6. F5 key (Update the content of all console
windows)
7. ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the MMC window
menu)
8. ALT+F4 (Close the console)
9. ALT+A (Display the Action menu)
10. ALT+V (Display the View menu)
11. ALT+F (Display the File menu)
12. ALT+O (Display the Favorites menu)
MMC Console Window Keyboard Shortcuts
1. CTRL+P (Print the current page or active
pane)
2. ALT+Minus sign (-) (Display the window menu
for the active console window)
3. SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut
menu for the selected item)
4. F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the
selected item)
5. F5 key (Update the content of all console
windows)
6. CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console
window)
7. CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window)
8. ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog
box, if any, for theselected item)
9. F2 key (Rename the selected item)
10. CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window.
When a console has only one console window,
this shortcut closes the console)
Remote Desktop Connection Navigation
1. CTRL+ALT+END (Open the Microsoft
Windows NT Security dialog box)
2. ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs
from left to right)
3. ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs
from right to left)
4. ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs in
most recently used order)
5. ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu)
6. CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client
computer between a window and a full screen)
7. ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu)
8. CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of
the active window in the client on the Terminal
server clipboard and provide the same
functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a
local computer.)
9. CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place asnapshot of
the entire client window area on the Terminal
server clipboardand provide the same
functionality aspressing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on
a local computer.)
Microsoft Internet Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts
1. CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog
box)
2. CTRL+E (Open the Search bar)
3. CTRL+F (Start the Find utility)
4. CTRL+H (Open the History bar)
5. CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar)
6. CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box)
7. CTRL+N (Start another instance of the
browser with the same Web address)
8. CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box,the same
as CTRL+L)
9. CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box)
10. CTRL+R (Update the current Web )
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